Habitat Characteristics and Nest Success of Snowy Plovers Associated with California Least Tern Colonies

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby N. Powell
The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-792
Author(s):  
Abby N. Powell

AbstractNest success of Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) was estimated at six sites in San Diego County, California, to determine the effects of habitat characteristics and social factors on predation risk. Egg predation was expected to be lower for plovers nesting among Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) because of benefits associated with nesting under the “protective umbrella” of a colonial species. Snowy Plovers nested adjacent to objects and in areas with more vegetation cover than random sites in beach and fill habitats and in areas with more debris cover in beach and salt pan habitats. Estimated nest success from 1994–1997 was 50%, and most predation was attributed to corvids, primarily Common Ravens (Corvus corax). Social factors, including distance to nearest Least Tern and Snowy Plover nests, predicted nest success whereas habitat characteristics did not. Nest success was greatest for plovers nesting closest to an active tern nest and nesting at intermediate distances to conspecifics. Nest success also varied among years and sites, with two sites consistently less successful over the four years. Nests within tern colonies received some mitigation of egg predation. Plover nests initiated prior to the arrival of Least Terns were less likely to hatch eggs than later nests; nevertheless, Snowy Plovers in southern California initiated nesting well before Least Terns.Características del Hábitat y Éxito de la Nidada de Charadrius alexandrinus Asociados a Colonias de Sterna antillarumResumen. Para determinar los efectos de las características del hábitat y factores sociales sobre el riesgo de depredación, estimé el éxito de las nidadas de Charadrius alexandrinus en seis sitios del Condado de San Diego, California. Se esperaba que la depredación de huevos fuera menor para los C. alexandrinus que anidan junto a Sterna antillarum debido a los beneficios de anidar bajo un “paraguas protector” de una especie colonial. En playas y hábitats rellenados, C. alexandrinus anidó con mayor frecuencia en lugares adyacentes a objetos y en áreas con mayor cobertura de vegetación que en sitios aleatorios y en áreas con mayor cobertura de desechos vegetales en playas y salinas. El éxito estimado de las nidadas entre 1994–1997 fue de 50%, y la mayor tasa de depredación fue atribuida a córvidos, principalmente a la especie Corvus corax. Factores sociales como distancia al nido más cercano de S. antillarum y C. alexandrinus predijeron el éxito de la nidada, mientras que las características del hábitat no lo hicieron. El éxito de la nidada fue mayor para los individuos de C. alexandrinus que nidificaron más cerca de un nido activo de S. antillarum y que nidificaron a distancias intermedias de conespecíficos. El éxito de la nidada también varió entre años y sitios. Dos sitios presentaron consistentemente un menor éxito durante los cuatro años de estudio. Los nidos ubicados dentro de la colonia presentaron una leve disminución en la depredación de huevos. Los huevos de nidos de C. alexandrinus iniciados antes de la llegada de S. antillarum tuvieron una menor probabilidad de eclosión que huevos de nidos más tardíos. Sin embargo, C. alexandrinus comenzó a nidificar bastante antes que S. antillarum en California del Sur.


The Condor ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Dinsmore ◽  
David J. Lauten ◽  
Kathleen A. Castelein ◽  
Eleanor P. Gaines ◽  
Mark A. Stern

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick J. Baxter ◽  
Jerran T. Flinders ◽  
David G. Whiting ◽  
Dean L. Mitchell

Translocations have been used for decades to restore or augment wildlife populations, yet more often than not, little to no data and/or arbitrary means are used for determining translocation success. The objectives of our study were to describe nesting habitat utilised by the greater sage grouse translocated into an extant population and to identify factors related to nest success, thereby demonstrating the adaptability of the birds to their new environment and producing one measure of long-term translocation success. We trapped female grouse individuals during the spring on and near leks of source populations, fitted them with radio-transmitters, and released them in the morning onto an active lek in an extant population in Strawberry Valley, Utah. We monitored translocated females for nesting activity and documented nesting attempts, nest success, clutch size and embryo viability. Data were recorded on habitat variables associated with nest sites and paired-random sites, including factors known to be important for resident females that nested successfully. We used logistic regression and an a priori information-theoretic approach for modelling nest v. paired-random sites and successful v. unsuccessful nest sites. Our analyses suggested that crown area of the nest shrub and percentage grass cover were the two variables that discriminated between nest and paired-random sites. Females that nested successfully selected sites with more total shrub canopy cover, intermediate size-shrub crown area, aspects other than NW and SE, and steeper slopes than for unsuccessful nests. After being translocated from distant sites with differing habitat characteristics, these birds were able to initiate a nest, nest successfully, and select micro-habitat features similar to those selected by resident sage grouse across the species range. Our results demonstrate the adaptability of the translocated female sage grouse individuals and produce one tangible measure of long-term translocation success.


The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Allen Smith ◽  
H Grant Gilchrist ◽  
James N.M Smith

Abstract Abstract In environments such as arctic tundra, where bird densities are low and habitats are comparatively homogeneous, suitable nest sites likely are not limited. Under these conditions, reproductive success of birds may be determined by factors other than the habitat characteristics of nest sites. We studied the relative influence of nest habitat, food, nest distribution, and parental behavior on the reproductive success of tundra-breeding shorebirds at East Bay, Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada. From 2000 to 2002, we monitored the nests of five species: Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres), White-rumped Sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), and Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). For each species, habitat differed between nest sites and random sites. In contrast, habitat differed between successful and failed nest sites only for White-rumped Sandpipers. Shorebirds did not prefer to nest in habitats where food was most abundant. Although nest success varied among species in all years, artificial nest experiments suggested that interspecific variation in predation rate was not related to habitat type. Instead, the marked interspecific variation in nest success may have been related to incubation behavior. Species taking fewer incubation recesses had higher nest success, although these results should be viewed as preliminary. The factor with the greatest interannual influence on nest success was fluctuating predation pressure, apparently related to the abundance of predators and lemmings.


Waterbirds ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah T. Saalfeld ◽  
Warren C. Conway ◽  
David A. Haukos ◽  
William P. Johnson

2018 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Nefas ◽  
Kelsi L. Hunt ◽  
James D. Fraser ◽  
Sarah M. Karpanty ◽  
Daniel H. Catlin

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT F. PEARSON ◽  
SHANNON M. KNAPP ◽  
CYNDIE SUNDSTROM

SummaryAn understanding of the ecological factors influencing nest success and the effectiveness of management activities focused on improving nest success can be critical to successful conservation strategies for rare or declining species. Over seven breeding seasons (2006–2012) we examined the influence of nest spacing and habitat characteristics on hatching success for the nationally threatened Pacific coast population of the Snowy PloverCharadrius nivosusin coastal Washington, USA in two study areas. Specifically, we assessed the influence of clutch age, nesting season date, distance to conspecific nests, perpendicular distance to the high-tide (wrack) line, vegetation cover and other habitat characteristics at three spatial scales (1m2, 5m2, and 25 m2) centred on the nest. We also assessed the effectiveness of wire mesh cages placed around nests to exclude mammalian and avian nest-predators. We discovered and monitored 307 nests, placed predator exclosures around 142 of these nests and measured habitat variables at 251. Our selected base model included site and quadratic function of season-date. For the analysis examining habitat effects on nest success, only models with distance to nearest active nest ranked higher than the baseline model even when removing the nests that were very distant from conspecific nests (outliers). For these unexclosed nests, predation was the primary source of nest failure and crows and ravens were apparently the primary nest predators. Predator exclosures had a clear positive influence on nest survival. Even though we observed a positive exclosure effect, we recommend that they be used cautiously because we and others have observed adult mortality associated with exclosures. Regardless of the spatial scale, Snowy Plovers are primarily using nest sites with little vegetation, shell or woody material cover suggesting the need for large expanses of very sparsely or unvegetated habitats that allow birds to nest semi-colonially (with near neighbours).


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K. Chase

Abstract I tested the hypothesis that individual Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) choose nesting microhabitat that reduces their risk of nest predation, using two years of data (n = 196 nests) from two adjacent sites in California coastal scrub, one grazed and one ungrazed. Nesting habitat was compared between nest patches and random locations, and between successful and unsuccessful nests. In both sites, nest patch habitat differed significantly in structure and plant species composition from habitat available within territories. However, of six habitat characteristics associated with nest patch choice, only two were related to nest success, and that relationship differed between the two study sites. Only in the grazed site was the amount of coyote bush (Baccharis pilularis) in the nest patch positively associated with both nest site selection and nest success. In contrast, coyote bush was unrelated to nest site choice and had a nonlinear relationship with nest success in the ungrazed site, such that nests surrounded by intermediate amounts of coyote bush had the lowest probability of success. In the grazed site, nests surrounded by intermediate amounts of rushes (Juncus spp.) were also less successful. Nests built in larger, discrete patches of vegetation were more successful in the ungrazed site, but not in the grazed site. Although the sites differed greatly in the amount of preferred nest microhabitat available, there was no difference between the sites in the overall rate of nest success (23–32%). I suggest that spatial variation in the relationship between nest habitat and nest outcome may favor flexible nest-site preferences in this population. Selección de Sitios de Nidificación y Éxito de los Nidos en una Población de Melospiza melodia: La Importancia de la Variación Espacial Resumen. Evalué la hipótesis que dice que los individuos de Melospiza melodia eligen nidificar en microhábitats que reducen el riesgo de depredación de los nidos. Utilicé datos de dos años (n = 196 nidos) provenientes de dos sitios adyacentes, uno pastoreado y otro sin pastoreo, ubicados en matorral costero de California. El hábitat de nidificación fue comparado entre parches con nidos y localidades aleatorias, y entre nidos exitosos y no exitosos. En ambos sitios el hábitat de los parches con nidos fue significativamente diferente en la estructura y composición de especies de plantas comparado con el hábitat disponible dentro de los territorios. Sin embargo, de seis características de hábitat asociadas con la elección del parche de nidificación, sólo dos estuvieron relacionadas con el éxito de los nidos, y esta relación difirió entre los sitios estudiados. Sólo en los sitios con pastoreo hubo una asociación positiva entre la cantidad de matas de Baccharis pilularis en los parches y la selección de sitios para nidificar y el éxito de los nidos. En contraste, B. pilularis no se relacionó con la selección del lugar de nidificación en sitios no pastoreados, y tuvo una relación no lineal con el éxito reproductivo, de modo que los nidos rodeados por cantidades intermedias de B. pilularis presentaron la menor probabilidad de éxito. En los sitios pastoreados, los nidos rodeados por cantidades intermedias de Juncus spp. también fueron los menos exitosos. En sitios sin pastoreo, los nidos construidos en parches de vegetación grandes y discretos fueron los más exitosos, pero esto no ocurrió en sitios pastoreados. Aunque los sitios fueron sumamente distintos en relación a la cantidad disponible de microhábitat preferido para nidificar, no presentaron diferencias en la tasa general de éxito de los nidos (23–32%). Sugiero que la variación espacial en la relación entre el hábitat y el éxito de los nidos puede favorecer la flexibilidad en la preferencia de sitios de nidificación en esta población.


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